Lung cancer | Diagnosis, treatment & prevention in Turkey

Forms of lung cancer

There isn't just one form of lung cancer, but several types, each with distinct characteristics, progressions, and treatments. The exact histological type of the cancer is identified through an anatomopathological examination (analyzing tumor cells under a microscope),a crucial step for offering appropriate treatment.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

This is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of cases. It includes several subtypes:

• Adenocarcinoma (most common among non-smokers)
• Squamous cell carcinoma, often linked to smoking
• Large cell carcinoma, rarer but more aggressive

These cancers often progress more slowly and can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

Less common (about 15% of cases) but more aggressive, this type grows rapidly and quickly forms metastases.

• Small cell carcinoma: characterized by very small, fast-dividing cells
• Combined small cell carcinoma: a mix of small cells and other tumor types

This cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because of its rapid growth. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the standard treatments, but the prognosis remains poor if diagnosed late.

Although it responds well to initial treatment, small cell lung cancer frequently recurs, requiring close monitoring.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma

This rare cancer affects the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs) and is linked to asbestos exposure.
Symptoms usually appear late: shortness of breath, chest pain, persistent cough. Its treatment is often complex, involving multiple approaches.

Pulmonary metastases

These are not primary lung cancers but secondary tumors originating from another organ (breast, kidney, colon, etc.). Management depends on the primary cancer.

Lung cancer: Causes & risk factors

Lung cancer is one of the cancers most closely linked to the environment, particularly to inhaled substances. As the first organ directly exposed to the ambient air, the lungs are vulnerable to many carcinogenic agents present in the atmosphere, in workplaces, or through certain lifestyle habits.

Tobacco: the main risk factor

Active smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer. About 80 to 90% of bronchial cancers are linked to tobacco consumption. Smoking progressively damages respiratory cells and promotes the development of malignant tumors.

But secondhand smoke should not be overlooked. Regular exposure to cigarette smoke in living or working spaces also increases the risk, even among non-smokers.

Harmful inhalation exposure sources

Our lungs are in direct contact with ambient air. Any repeated exposure to toxic substances can therefore lead to dangerous cellular mutations. Here are the most well-known:

• Smoked cannabis: Burning and inhaling cannabis releases carcinogenic substances similar to those in tobacco, and some studies suggest it may increase the risk of lung cancer, particularly with heavy or long-term use, though more research is needed to establish a definitive causal link.
• Asbestos: Inhaled as microscopic fibers, this substance significantly raises the risk, especially in occupational settings.
• Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas, invisible and odorless, it can accumulate in poorly ventilated homes and increase cancer risk with prolonged exposure.
• Air pollution: Fine particles, industrial gases, and urban smoke are pollutants associated with a rise in lung cancer cases, particularly in large cities.

Personal and genetic predispositions

Even in the absence of obvious environmental exposure, some people have a higher risk, notably due to:

• Family or personal history of lung cancer.
• Known hereditary genetic mutations that increase the risk of certain types of lung tumors.
• Chronic lung conditions: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease),emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or tuberculosis can also weaken the lungs.

Other contributing factors

Several other factors can also contribute to lung cancer development:

• Occupational exposure to certain chemicals (arsenic, silica, tar, industrial solvents…).
• Ionizing radiation, including some previous medical treatments.
• Immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases (like lupus).
• Use of beta-carotene supplements in smokers, which is associated with an increased risk.
• An imbalanced diet, low in fruits, vegetables, and protective antioxidants.

Diagnosis of lung cancer

The diagnosis of lung cancer relies on the analysis of tissue samples taken from the lungs. Confirmation can only be made after a biopsy, usually performed during a bronchoscopy. This examination allows for:

• Identifying the type of cancer (small cell or non-small cell).
• Detecting possible genetic mutations (EGFR, ALK, ROS1…).
• Adapting the treatment to the tumor profile.

In cases of persistent symptoms (chronic cough, shortness of breath, hemoptysis…),a thorough respiratory evaluation is essential.

In Turkey, specialized centers partnered with Turquie Santé offer fast and accurate diagnoses, thanks to experienced teams in pulmonology, thoracic oncology, and molecular biology, with personalized support at every step of the care journey.

Lung cancer treatment options in Turkey

In Turkey, patients with lung cancer benefit from comprehensive care protocols that combine cutting-edge technology and multidisciplinary expertise. The treatment mainly depends on the type of cancer (small cell or non-small cell),its stage of progression, and the patient's overall health.

Medical treatments

For small cell cancers, oncologists typically favor a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to slow tumor growth and reduce its size.

In cases of non-small cell lung cancer, treatments can include:

• Chemotherapy: administration of drugs (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin) that target and destroy cancer cells. Treatment cycles are usually spaced 3 to 4 weeks apart to allow the body to recover.
• Radiotherapy: use of targeted radiation to destroy tumor cells in the chest area.
• Targeted therapies: these treatments attack specific abnormalities in cancer cells, often identified through genetic tests.
• Immunotherapy: it boosts the immune system to better recognize and fight tumor cells.

These treatments can be used alone or in combination, depending on the strategy defined by the medical team.

Surgical treatment

When the cancer is detected at an early stage, particularly in non-small cell cancers, surgery is often considered. Two main techniques are used:

• Lobectomy: removal of one lobe of the lung, indicated if the tumor is localized.
• Pneumonectomy: complete removal of the affected lung, often combined with lymph node removal to limit the risk of spread.

These surgeries are performed in modern operating rooms, using minimally invasive techniques (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) whenever possible.

How to prevent lung cancer?

Lung cancer doesn't have a single cause, but rather a multitude of risk factors. Knowing these factors is already a first step toward active prevention.

Smoking cessation remains the most effective measure: smoking, even a little, significantly increases the risk. It's also important to limit exposure to secondhand smoke, especially in enclosed spaces.

Other inhaled substances can also be dangerous, such as asbestos, radon, or pollutant particles present in the air. Proper ventilation of living spaces and adherence to workplace safety standards can help reduce these risks.

A healthy lifestyle, combining a balanced diet, physical activity, and regular screenings, also strengthens prevention efforts, especially for people with a family history of lung cancer or chronic respiratory diseases.

At Turquie Santé, we help you access the best diagnostic and prevention centers in Turkey. Our internationally accredited hospital partners offer advanced screening programs, consultations with renowned pulmonologists, and personalized comprehensive care.

Complete Support in Turkey

With Turquie Santé, you gain access to a personalized care pathway, provided by specialists in thoracic oncology, pulmonary surgery, and precision medicine. Each treatment protocol is tailored to your individual situation, with close medical follow-up at every stage of your care.

Need a second opinion or a customized care plan? We connect you with specialized centers in Turkey, known for the quality of their lung cancer treatments.